Getting Support and Reporting BugsUp: See the README file for more information. This manual is largely derived from the manual for the CMUCL system, which was produced at Carnegie Mellon University and later released into the public domain. This manual is in the public domain and is provided with absolutely no warranty. See the COPYING and CREDITS files for more information. Getting Support and Reporting Bugs Introduction Starting and Stopping Compiler Debugger Efficiency Beyond the ANSI Standard Foreign Function Interface Pathnames Streams Package Locks Threading Timers Networking Profiling Contributed Modules Deprecation Concept Index Function Index Variable Index Type Index Colophon Next: Top 1 Getting Support and Reporting Bugs Volunteer Support Commercial Support Reporting Bugs Next: Commercial SupportUp: Getting Support and Reporting Bugs 1.

As an anti-spam measure subscription is required for posting: Checking the bug database is also worth it See Reporting Bugsto see if the issue is already known. Reporting BugsPrevious: Volunteer SupportUp: Use it to identify service providers with appropriate skills and interests, and contact them directly. The SBCL project cannot verify the accuracy of the information or the competence of the people listed, and they have provided their own blurbs below: Please feel free to ask for advice on the sbcl-help list.

At present, no companies or consultants wish to advertise paid support or custom SBCL development in this manual. However, bugs can also be reported on the mailing list sbcl-bugswhich is moderated but does not require subscribing. Simply send email to sbcl-bugs lists. Is this a bug? Compile SBCL with ldb support feature: Isolate a smallish test case, run it. If it just hangs kill it with sigabrt: Print the backtrace from ldb by typing ba.

If multiple threads are in play then still in gdb, try to get Lisp backtrace for all threads: The backtraces will appear in the stdout of the SBCL process. Send a report with the backtraces and the output both stdout and stderr produced by SBCL.

Don't forget to include OS and SBCL version. If available, include information on outcome of the same test with other versions of SBCL, OS, Starting and StoppingPrevious: Top 2 Introduction SBCL is a mostly-conforming implementation of the ANSI Common Lisp standard. This manual focuses on behavior which is specific to SBCL, not on behavior which is common to all implementations of ANSI Common Lisp.

ANSI Conformance Extensions Idiosyncrasies Development Tools More SBCL Information More Common Lisp Information History and Implementation of SBCL Next: The exceptions involve internal inconsistencies in the standard. ANSI ConformanceUp: Unfortunately, not all of these extensions have proper documentation yet. System Definition Tool asdf is a flexible and popular protocol-oriented system definition tool by Daniel Barlow.

Foreign Function Interface sb-alien package allows interfacing with C-code, loading shared object files, etc. See Foreign Function Interface. Recursive Event Loop SBCL provides a recursive event loop serve-event for doing non-blocking IO on multiple streams without using threads. Metaobject Protocol sb-mop package provides a metaobject protocol for the Common Lisp Object System as described in Art of Metaobject Protocol.

Extensible Sequences SBCL allows users to define subclasses of the sequence class. Network Interface sb-bsd-sockets is a low-level networking interface, providing both TCP and UDP sockets. Introspective Facilities sb-introspect module offers numerous introspective extensions, including access to function lambda-lists and a cross referencing facility. Operating System Interface sb-ext contains a number of functions for running external processes, accessing environment variables, etc.

Extensible Streams sb-gray is an implementation of Gray Streams. Profiling sb-profile is a exact per-function profiler. Customization Hooks SBCL contains a number of extra-standard customization hooks that can be used to tweak the behaviour of the system. See Customization Hooks for Users. CLTL2 Compatibility Layer sb-cltl2 module provides compiler-let and environment access functionality described in Common Lisp The Language, 2nd Edition which were removed from the language during the ANSI standardization process.

Bitwise Rotation sb-rotate-byte provides an efficient primitive for bitwise rotation of integers, an operation required by e. Test Harness sb-rt module is a simple yet attractive regression and unit-test framework. MD5 Sums sb-md5 is an implementation of the MD5 message digest algorithm for Common Lisp, using the modular arithmetic optimizations provided by SBCL.

Development ToolsPrevious: Declarations FASL Format Compiler-only Implementation Defining Constants Style Warnings Next: FASL FormatUp: This general principle, and its implications, and the bugs which still keep the compiler from quite satisfying this principle, are discussed in Declarations as Assertions. Compiler-only ImplementationPrevious: While this is obviously suboptimal, it has proven more robust than trying to maintain fasl compatibility across versions: The following snippet handles fasl recompilation automatically for ASDF-based systems, and makes a good candidate for inclusion in the user or system initialization file see Initialization Files.

Defining ConstantsPrevious: That is, for all but a few special cases, eval creates a lambda expression, calls compile on the lambda expression to create a compiled function, and then calls funcall on the resulting function object.

A more traditional interpreter is also available on default builds; it is usually only called internally. This is explicitly allowed by the ANSI standard, but leads to some oddities; e. Style WarningsPrevious: Compiler-only ImplementationUp: ANSI says that doing defconstant of the same symbol more than once is undefined unless the new value is eql to the old value. Many implementations of Common Lisp try to help the programmer around this annoyance by silently accepting the undefined code and trying to do what the programmer probably meant.

SBCL instead treats the undefined behavior as an error. Often such code can be rewritten in portable ANSI Common Lisp which has the desired behavior. In circumstances where this is not appropriate, the programmer can handle the condition type sb-ext: Defining ConstantsUp: The warning about multiple defun s is pointlessly annoying when you compile and then load a function containing defun wrapped in eval-whenand ideally should be suppressed in that case, but still isn't as of SBCL 0.

More SBCL InformationPrevious: Language ReferenceUp: Currently SLIME 1 Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs together with Emacs is recommended for use with SBCL, though other options exist as well. SLIME can be downloaded from http: Generating ExecutablesPrevious: Editor IntegrationUp: The generated executables include the SBCL runtime itself, so no restrictions are placed on program functionality.

For example, a deployed program can call compile and loadwhich requires the compiler to be present in the executable. For further information, See Function sb-ext: More Common Lisp InformationPrevious: Development ToolsUp: Online DocumentationUp: More SBCL Information 2.

Subscribing to the mailing lists sbcl-help and sbcl-announce is recommended: Additional Documentation FilesPrevious: SBCL HomepageUp: The extensions for functions which have their own command prompts e. The extensions for functions which don't have their own command prompt such as trace are described in their documentation strings, unless your SBCL was compiled with an option not to include documentation strings, in which case the documentation strings are only readable in the source code.

Internals DocumentationPrevious: COPYING Licence and copyright summary. CREDITS Authorship information on various parts of SBCL. INSTALL Covers installing SBCL from both source and binary distributions on your system, and also has some installation related troubleshooting information. NEWS Summarizes changes between various SBCL versions. Additional Documentation FilesUp: SBCL internals documentation — besides comments in the source — is currently maintained as a wiki-like website: History and Implementation of SBCLPrevious: More SBCL InformationUp: Third-party LibrariesUp: More Common Lisp Information 2.

Various special interest mailing lists and IRC tend to provide more content and less flames. Common Lisp BooksPrevious: Internet CommunityUp: However, we don't have any standout favorites.

If you can't decide, try checking the Usenet news: If you are an experienced programmer in other languages but need to learn about Common Lisp, some books stand out: Available both in print format and on the web: Paradigms Of Artificial Intelligence Programming, by Peter Norvig Good information on general Common Lisp programming, and many nontrivial examples. Whether or not your work is AI, it's a very good book to look at.

On Lisp, by Paul Graham An in-depth treatment of macros, but not recommended as a first Common Lisp book, since it is slightly pre-ANSI so you need to be on your guard against non-standard usages, and since it doesn't really even try to cover the language as a whole, focusing solely on macros.

Object-Oriented Programming In Common Lisp, by Sonya Keene With the exception of Practical Common Lisp most introductory books don't emphasize CLOS. Even if you're very knowledgeable about object oriented programming in the abstract, it's worth looking at this book if you want to do any OO in Common Lisp. Some abstractions in CLOS especially multiple dispatch go beyond anything you'll see in most OO systems, and there are a number of lesser differences as well.

This book tends to help with the culture shock. Art Of Metaobject Programming, by Gregor Kiczales et al. Currently the prime source of information on the Common Lisp Metaobject Protocol, which is supported by SBCL. Section 2 Chapters 5 and 6 are freely available at http: More Common Lisp InformationUp: However, a little knowledge can be helpful in order to understand error messages, to troubleshoot problems, to understand why some parts of the system are better debugged than others, and to anticipate which known bugs, known performance problems, and missing extensions are likely to be fixed, tuned, or added.

SBCL is descended from CMUCL, which is itself descended from Spice Lisp, including early implementations for the Mach operating system on the IBM RT, back in the s. Some design decisions from that time are still reflected in the current implementation: The system expects to be loaded into a fixed-at-compile-time location in virtual memory, and also expects the location of all of its heap storage to be specified at compile time.

The system overcommits memory, allocating large amounts of address space from the system often more than the amount of virtual memory available and then failing if ends up using too much of the allocated storage. The system is implemented as a C program which is responsible for supplying low-level services and loading a Lisp.

SBCL also inherited some newer architectural features from CMUCL. These are discussed in another chapter, Efficiency. It does not mean SBCL can't be used interactively, and in fact the change is largely invisible to the casual user, since SBCL still can and does execute code interactively by compiling it on the fly. It is visible if you know how to look, like using compiled-function-p ; and it is visible in the way that SBCL doesn't have many bugs which behave differently in interpreted code than in compiled code.

More complicated forms are evaluated by calling compile and then calling funcall on the returned result. The direct ancestor of SBCL is the x86 port of CMUCL. This port was in some ways the most cobbled-together of all the CMUCL ports, since a number of strange changes had to be made to support the register-poor x86 architecture.

Some things like tracing and debugging do not work particularly well there. SBCL should be able to improve in these areas and has already improved in some other areasbut it takes a while. On the x86 SBCL — like the x86 port of CMUCL — uses a conservative GC. This means that it doesn't maintain a strict separation between tagged and untagged data, instead treating some untagged data e. This has some negative consequences for average time efficiency though possibly no worse than the negative consequences of trying to implement an exact GC on a processor architecture as register-poor as the X86 and also has potentially unlimited consequences for worst-case memory efficiency.

In practice, conservative garbage collectors work reasonably well, not getting anywhere near the worst case. But they can occasionally cause odd patterns of memory usage. The fork from CMUCL was based on a major rewrite of the system bootstrap process. This quasi-build procedure can cause various bizarre bootstrapping hangups, especially when a major change is made to the system.

Other major changes since the fork from CMUCL include SBCL has removed many CMUCL extensions, e. IP networking, remote procedure call, Unix system interface, and X11 interface from the core system.

Most of these are available as contributed modules distributed with SBCL or third-party modules instead. SBCL has deleted or deprecated some nonstandard features and code complexity which helped efficiency at the price of maintainability.

For example, the SBCL compiler no longer implements memory pooling internally and so is simpler and more maintainable, but generates more garbage and runs more slowlyand various block-compilation efficiency-increasing extensions to the language have been deleted or are no longer used in the implementation of SBCL itself.

Top 3 Starting and Stopping Starting SBCL Stopping SBCL Command Line Options Initialization Files Initialization and Exit Hooks Next: Stopping SBCLUp: Starting and Stopping 3. Running from EmacsUp: You should end up in the toplevel REPL read, eval, print -loopwhere you can interact with SBCL by typing expressions. SBCL is free software, provided as is, with absolutely no warranty.

It is mostly in the public domain; some portions are provided under BSD-style licenses. See the CREDITS and COPYING files in the distribution for more information. Shebang ScriptsPrevious: Running from ShellUp: SBCL supports this via the --script command line option. Command Line OptionsPrevious: Starting SBCLUp: End of FileUp: See Threading for information about terminating individual threads. If multiple threads call exit with abort being false, the first one to call it will complete the protocol.

Recursive calls to exit cause exit to behave as it abort was true. The system then waits for them to finish using join-threadwaiting at most a total timeout seconds for all threads to join. Those threads that do not finish in time are simply ignored while the exit protocol continues.

Since terminate-thread is asynchronous, getting multithreaded application termination with complex cleanups right using it can be tricky. To perform an orderly synchronous shutdown use an exit hook instead of relying on implicit thread termination. Saving a Core ImagePrevious: Exit on ErrorsPrevious: This functionality is important for its bootstrapping process, and is also provided as an extension to the user. Only global state is preserved: The default function handles command line toplevel option processing and runs the top level read-eval-print loop.

This function returning is equivalent to sb-ext: If false the defaultthe core image will not be executable on its own. Executable images always behave as if they were passed the —noinform runtime option. This also inhibits normal runtime option processing, causing all command line arguments to be passed to the toplevel.

This takes somewhat longer than the normal gc which is otherwise done, but it's only done once, and subsequent GC's will be done less often and will take less time in the resulting core file.

See the purify function. This parameter has no effect on platforms using the generational garbage collector. This has two different but related meanings: The complete set of reachable objects is not affected per se. This argument is meaningless if neither enabling precondition holds. If nil the defaultsaves to uncompressed core files.

Specifies the subsystem of the executable,: The notable difference is that: Everything related to open streams is necessarily changed, since the os won't let us preserve a stream across save and load.

On threaded platforms only a single thread may remain running after sb-ext: Applications using multiple threads can be save-lisp-and-die friendly by registering a save-hook that quits any additional threads, and an init-hook that restarts them.

This implementation is not as polished and painless as you might like: It corrupts the current Lisp image enough that the current process needs to be killed afterwards. This can be worked around by forking another process that saves the core. There is absolutely no binary compatibility of core images between different runtime support programs. Even runtimes built from the same sources at different times are treated as incompatible for this purpose.

5 Decimal 60 Seconds Binary Options System - Indicator With 83%!

This isn't because we like it this way, but just because there don't seem to be good quick fixes for either limitation and no one has been sufficiently motivated to do lengthy fixes. Unused by sbcl itself: In cases where the standard initialization files have already been loaded into the saved core, and alternative ones should be used or none at allSBCL allows customizing the initfile pathname computation.

If the function returns nilno sysinit file is used unless one has been specified on the command-line. If the function returns nilno userinit file is used unless one has been specified on the command-line. To facilitate distribution of SBCL applications using external resources, the filesystem location of the SBCL core file being used is available from Lisp. Saving a Core ImageUp: Initialization FilesPrevious: In order to understand the command line argument syntax for SBCL, it is helpful to understand that the SBCL system is implemented as two components, a low-level runtime environment written in C and a higher-level system written in Common Lisp itself.

Some command line arguments are processed during the initialization of the low-level runtime environment, some command line arguments are processed during the initialization of the Common Lisp system, and any remaining command line arguments are passed on to user code. The full, unambiguous syntax for invoking SBCL at the command line is: Omitting these elements can be convenient when you are running the program interactively, and you can see that no ambiguities are possible with the option values you are using.

Omitting these elements is probably a bad idea for any batch file where any of the options are under user control, since it makes it impossible for SBCL to detect erroneous command line input, so that erroneous command line arguments will be passed on to the user program even if they was intended for the runtime system or the Lisp system.

Runtime Options Toplevel Options Next: Toplevel OptionsUp: Command Line Options 3. Note that if the Lisp core file is a user-created core file, it may run a nonstandard toplevel which does not recognize the standard toplevel options. Default value is platform dependent. Default value is 2. This makes it easier to write Lisp programs which work cleanly in Unix pipelines.

See also the --noprint and --disable-debugger options. Only effective if SBCL is compiled with LDB. By default SBCL prints a warning, then tries to continue and handle the error in Lisp, but this will not always work and SBCL may malfunction or even hang.

With this option, upon encountering such an error SBCL will invoke ldb if present and enabled or else exit. See the description of --script as a toplevel option below. If there are no other command line arguments following --scriptthe filename argument can be omitted. This can be useful to reduce the memory usage on systems with multiple SBCL processes started from similar but differently-named core files, or from compressed cores.

Without platform support, do nothing. Uncompressed cores are mapped directly from the core file, which is usually enough to ensure sharing. In the future, runtime options may be added to control behaviour such as lazy allocation of memory. Runtime options, including any —end-runtime-options option, are stripped out of the command line before the Lisp toplevel logic gets a chance to see it.

Runtime OptionsUp: If this option is given, the --sysinit option is ignored. If this option is given, the --userinit option is ignored. More than one --eval option can be used, and all will be read and executed, in the order they appear on the command line.

The special syntax is intended to reduce quoting headaches when invoking SBCL from shell scripts. Combined with the --noinform runtime option, this makes it easier to write Lisp "scripts" which work cleanly in Unix pipelines. This option disables the debugger, causing errors to print a backtrace and exit with status 1 instead.

When given, this option takes effect before loading of initialization files or processing --eval and --load options. Causes the system to load the specified file instead of entering the read-eval-print-loop, and exit afterwards. If the file begins with a shebang line, it is ignored.

If there are no other command line arguments following, the filename can be omitted: Shebang lines in standard input script are currently not ignored. In either case, if there is an unhandled error e. Initialization and Exit HooksPrevious: Command Line OptionsUp: Can be overridden with the command line option --sysinit or --no-sysinit. The system initialization file is intended for system administrators and software packagers to configure locations of installed third party modules, etc.

Can be overridden with the command line option --userinit or --no-userinit. The user initialization file is intended for personal customizations, such as loading certain modules at startup, defining convenience functions to use in the REPL, handling automatic recompilation of FASLs see FASL Formatetc. Neither initialization file is required. Initialization FilesUp: Starting and StoppingUp: Top 4 Compiler This chapter will discuss most compiler issues other than efficiency, including compiler error messages, the SBCL compiler's unusual approach to type safety in the presence of type declarations, the effects of various compiler optimization policies, and the way that inlining and open coding may cause optimized code to differ from a naive translation.

Efficiency issues are sufficiently varied and separate that they have their own chapter, Efficiency.

Diagnostic Messages Handling of Types Compiler Policy Compiler Errors Open Coding and Inline Expansion Interpreter Next: Handling of TypesUp: Diagnostic SeverityUp: To control emission of compiler diagnostics of any severity other than error: Various details of how the compiler messages are printed can be controlled via the alist sb-ext: NIL The variables in the car positions are bound to the values in the cdr during the execution of some debug commands.

When evaluating arbitrary expressions in the debugger, the normal values of the printer control variables are in effect. For information about muffling warnings signaled outside of the compiler, see Customization Hooks for Users.

Understanding Compiler DiagnosticsPrevious: Controlling VerbosityUp: These levels of compiler error severity occur when the compiler handles conditions of these classes. The fourth level of compiler error severity, notecorresponds to the sb-ext: Future work for SBCL includes expanding this hierarchy of types to allow more fine-grained control over emission of diagnostic messages. The messages will be illustrated using this example program: Note also that the functions roq and ploq aren't defined anywhere.

The Parts of a Compiler Diagnostic The Original and Actual Source The Processing Path Next: The Original and Actual SourceUp: Understanding Compiler Diagnostics 4. In this example we see each of the six possible parts of a compiler diagnostic: The file name is displayed because it may not be immediately obvious when there is an error during compilation of a large system, especially when with-compilation-unit is used to delay undefined warnings. In this example, the problem was in the defun for foo.

Original source means that the form directly appeared in the original input to the compiler, i. In this example, the expansion of the zoq macro was responsible for the message. The processing path is a representation of the evaluated forms enclosing the actual source that the compiler encountered when processing the original source.

The path is the first element of each form, or the form itself if the form is not a list. These forms result from the expansion of macros or source-to-source transformation done by the compiler.

In this example, the enclosing evaluated forms are the calls to roq and ploq. These calls resulted from the expansion of the zoq macro. If the actual source appears in the explanation, then we print the next enclosing evaluated form, instead of printing the actual source twice.

This is the form that would otherwise have been the last form of the processing path. In this example, the problem is with the evaluation of the reference to the variable y. Note that each part of the message is distinctively marked: The original source is an indented form with no prefix. Each part of the message is more specific than the preceding one. If consecutive messages are for nearby locations, then the front part of the messages would be the same.

In this case, the compiler omits as much of the second message as in common with the first. ROQ In this example, the file, definition and original source are identical for the two messages, so the compiler omits them in the second message.

If consecutive messages are entirely identical, then the compiler prints only the first message, followed by: If the source was not from a file, then no file line is printed. If the actual source is the same as the original source, then the processing path and actual source will be omitted. If no forms intervene between the original source and the actual source, then the processing path will also be omitted.

The Processing PathPrevious: The Parts of a Compiler DiagnosticUp: If the actual source for an message is a symbol, the original source will be the immediately enclosing evaluated list form. So even if the offending symbol does appear in the original source, the compiler will print the enclosing list and then print the symbol as the actual source as though the symbol were introduced by a macro.

When the actual source is displayed and is not a symbolit will always be code that resulted from the expansion of a macro or a source-to-source compiler optimization.

This is code that did not appear in the original source program; it was introduced by the compiler.

Keep in mind that when the compiler displays a source form in an diagnostic message, it always displays the most specific innermost responsible form. For example, compiling this function defun bar x let a declare fixnum a setq a foo x a gives this error message ; file: DEFUN BAR ; LET A ; DECLARE FIXNUM A ; SETQ A FOO X ; A ; ; caught WARNING: In this example, the problem is that a 's nil initial value is not a fixnum.

This is because dotimes expands into: Compiler PolicyPrevious: Diagnostic MessagesUp: These two features reward the use of type declarations throughout development, even when high performance is not a concern. Also, as discussed in the chapter on performance see Efficiencythe use of appropriate type declarations can be very important for performance as well. The SBCL compiler also has a greater knowledge of the Common Lisp type system than other compilers. Support is incomplete only for types involving the satisfies type specifier.

Precise Type CheckingUp: Handling of Types 4. Under default compilation policy the compiler doesn't blindly believe type declarations, but considers them assertions about the program that should be checked: Remaining bugs in the compiler's handling of types unfortunately provide some exceptions to this rule, see Implementation Limitations. CLOS slot types form a notable exception. Types declared using the: This laxness does not pose any internal consistency issues, as the CLOS slot types are not available for fantasy stock market websites in india type inferencer, nor do CLOS slot types provide any efficiency benefits.

There are three type checking policies available in SBCL, selectable via optimize declarations. Full Type Checks All declarations are considered assertions to be checked at runtime, and all type checks are precise. The default compilation policy provides full type checks. Weak Type Checks Declared types may be simplified into faster to check supertypes: Also disables argument count and array bounds checking.

Getting Existing Programs to RunPrevious: Declarations as AssertionsUp: If a variable is declared to be integer 3 17 then its value must always be an integer between 3 and If multiple type declarations apply to a single variable, then all the declarations must be correct; it is russell livestock market llc though all the types were intersected producing a single and type specifier.

To gain maximum benefit from the compiler's type checking, you should always declare the types of function arguments and structure slots as precisely as possible. This often involves the use of ormemberand other list-style iron condor option strategy pdf specifiers.

Implementation LimitationsPrevious: These errors are mostly incorrect declarations, although compile-time type errors can find actual bugs if parts of the program have never been alpari uk binary options system glitch. Some incorrect declarations can only be detected by run-time type checking.

It is very important to initially compile a program with full type checks high safety optimization and then test this safe version. After the checking version has been tested, then you can consider weakening or eliminating type checks.

This applies even to previously debugged programs, because the SBCL compiler does much more type inference than other Common Lisp compilers, so an incorrect declaration can do more damage. The most common problem is with variables whose constant initial value doesn't match the type declaration. Incorrect constant initial values will always be flagged by a compile-time type error, and they are simple to fix once located. Consider this code fragment: Here foo is given an initial value of nilbut is declared to be a fixnum.

Even if it is never read, the initial value of a variable must match the declared type. There are two ways to fix this problem.

Change the declaration prog foo declare type or fixnum null foo setq foo It is generally preferable to change to a legal initial value rather than to weaken the declaration, but sometimes it is simpler to weaken the declaration than to try to make an initial value of the appropriate type.

Another declaration problem occasionally encountered is incorrect declarations on defmacro arguments. This can happen when a function is converted into a macro.

For example, this call is illegal: Because of macro semantics, it is hardly ever useful to declare the types of macro arguments. If you really want to assert something about the type of the result of evaluating a macro argument, then put a the in the expansion: Although pos is almost always a fixnumit is nil at the end of the loop.

If this example is compiled with full type checks the defaultthen running it will signal a type error at the end of the loop. Because if you compile without type checks, the compiler just quietly believes the type declaration.

Since the compiler believes that pos is always a fixnumit believes that pos is never nilso null pos is never true, and the loop exit test is optimized away. Such errors are sometimes flagged by unreachable code notes, but it is still important to initially compile and test any system with full type checks, even if the system works options on silver etfs 1256 when compiled using other compilers.

In this case, the fix is to weaken the type adaptive bollinger bands to or fixnum null 2. Note that there is usually little performance penalty for weakening a declaration in this way. Any numeric operations in the body can still assume that the variable is a fixnumsince nil is not a legal numeric argument. Another possible fix would be to say: This would be preferable in some circumstances, since it would allow a non-standard representation to be used for the local pos variable in the loop body.

Getting Existing Programs to RunUp: However, the compiler is known to fall short of this goal in two areas: Proclaimed constraints on argument and result types of a function are supposed to be checked by the function. If the function type is proclaimed before function definition, type checks are inserted by the compiler, but the standard allows the reversed order, in which case the compiler will trust the declaration.

The compiler cannot check types of an unknown number of values; if the number of generated values is unknown, but the number of consumed is known, only consumed values are checked. For example, defun foo x the integer bar x causes the following compiler diagnostic to be emitted: A partial workaround is instead write: Compiler ErrorsPrevious: Ordinarily, when the speed quality is high, the compiler emits notes to notify the programmer about its inability to apply various optimizations.

For selective muffling of these notes See Controlling Verbosity.

The value of space mostly individuare i livelli di supporto e resistenza forex the compiler's decision whether to inline operations, which tend to increase the size of programs.

Use the value 0 with caution, since it can cause the compiler to inline operations so indiscriminately that the net effect is to slow the program by causing cache misses or even swapping. Returns the alist describing the current policy restrictions.

If quality is nil or not given, nothing is done. Otherwise, if min is zero or max is 3 or neither are given, any existing restrictions of quality are removed. It is intended to be eg. Following options are defined: If override is nil the defaultthen the outermost with-compilation-unit form grabs the undefined warnings. Specifying override true buying stock margin leverage that form to grab any enclosed warnings, even if it is enclosed by another with-compilation-unit.

If override is false, specified policy is merged with current global policy. If override is true, current global policy, including any restrictions, is discarded in favor of the specified policy.

Supplying policy nil is equivalent to the option not being supplied at all, ie. This option is an SBCL-specific experimental extension: Interface subject to change.

Normally the namestring of the input-file for compile-file is used: Icici bank forex exchange rates both an outer and an inner with-compilation-unit provide a source-namestringthe inner one takes precedence.

This is an SBCL-specific extension. Primarily for use by development environments, in order to eg. Can be accessed using sb-introspect: If an outer with-compilation-unit form also provide a source-plistit is appended to the end of the provided source-plist. POLICY had not been specified at all: Open Coding and Inline ExpansionPrevious: Compiler PolicyUp: Errors During MacroexpansionUp: It is possible that the offending code would never actually be executed at run-time due to some higher level consistency constraint unknown to the compiler, so a type warning doesn't always indicate an incorrect program.

For example, consider this code fragment: DEFUN RAZ ; CASE FOO: The warning will go away if ecase is used instead of caseor if: This sort of spurious type warning happens moderately often in the expansion of complex macros and in inline functions.

In such cases, there may be dead code that is impossible to correctly execute. The compiler making money by spamming always prove this code is dead could never be executedso it compiles the erroneous code which will always signal an error if it is executed and gives a warning.

Read ErrorsPrevious: Type Errors at Compile TimeUp: For example, this definition: DEFUN FOO ; DO CURRENT L CDR CURRENT ; ATOM CURRENT NIL ; WHEN EQ CAR CURRENT E RETURN CURRENT ; ; caught ERROR: Compiler ErrorsUp: This special knowledge is used in various ways open coding, inline expansion, source transformationbut the implications to the user are basically the same: Attempts to redefine standard functions may be frustrated, since the function may never be called.

City forex bank station it is technically illegal to redefine standard functions, users sometimes want to implicitly redefine these functions when they are debugging using the trace macro. Special-casing of standard functions can be inhibited using the notinline declaration, but even then some phases of analysis such as type inferencing are applied by the compiler.

The compiler can have multiple alternate implementations of standard functions that implement different trade-offs of speed, space and safety.

This selection is based on the compiler policy, Compiler Policy. When a function call is open codedinline code whose effect is equivalent to the just cause 2 money cheat ps3 call is substituted for that function call. When a function call is closed codedit is usually left as is, although it might be turned into a call to a different function with different arguments.

Even when not open-coded, a call to a standard function may be transformed into a different function call as in the last example or compiled as static call. Static function call uses a more efficient forex intellect robot mq4 convention that forbids redefinition.

Open Coding and Inline ExpansionUp: SBCL also includes an interpreter for use in special cases where using the compiler is undesirable, for example due to compilation overhead.

Unlike in some other Lisp implementations, in SBCL interpreted code is not safer or more debuggable than compiled code.

Top 5 Debugger This chapter documents the debugging facilities of SBCL, including the debugger, single-stepper and traceand the effect of optimize debug declarations. Debugger Entry Debugger Command Loop Stack Frames Variable Access Source Location Printing Debugger Policy Control Exiting Commands Information Commands Function Tracing Single Stepping Enabling and Disabling the Debugger Next: Debugger Command LoopUp: Debugger Ftse apcims stock market income total return indexUp: The value 3 is not of type LIST.

You can type HELP for debugger help, or SB-EXT: QUIT to exit from SBCL. CAR 1 3 0] The first group of extra money maker 3.0 describe what the error was that put us in the debugger.

In this case car was called on 3causing a type-error. Next comes a listing of the active restart names, along with their descriptions — the ways we can restart execution after this error.

In this case, both options return to top-level. Restarts can be selected by entering the corresponding number or name. The current frame appears right underneath the restarts, immediately followed by the debugger prompt. Debugger BannerUp: For users who wish to provide an alternate debugger interface and thus catch break entries into the debuggerSBCL provides sb-ext: Stack FramesPrevious: Debugger EntryUp: A debugger command starts with the symbol name of the command, possibly followed by some arguments on the same line.

60 seconds binary options strategy system 5 decimal commands prompt for additional input. Debugger commands can be abbreviated by any unambiguous prefix: The package is not significant in debugger commands; any symbol with the name of a debugger command will work.

If you want to show the value of a variable that happens also to be the name of a debugger command you can wrap the variable in a forex leverage high or low to hide it from the command loop.

Frames are numbered starting from zero at the top most recent callincreasing down to the bottom. The current frame is the frame that commands refer to. It is possible to override the normal printing behaviour in the debugger by using the sb-ext: Variable AccessPrevious: Stack Motion How Arguments are Printed Function Names Debug Tail Recursion Unknown Locations and Interrupts Next: How Arguments are PrintedUp: More recent function calls are considered to be higher on the stack.

Move to the frame with the specified number. Prompts 60 seconds binary options strategy system 5 decimal the number if not supplied. The frame with number 0 is the frame where the debugger was entered.

Function NamesPrevious: Stack MotionUp: So the frame for this call in the source: MYFUN 7 A Forex trader android os x keyword and optional arguments are displayed with their actual values; if the corresponding argument was not supplied, the value will be the default.

SUBSEQ "foo" 1 3 And this call: END NIL The arguments to a function call are displayed by accessing the argument variables. Although those variables are initialized to the actual argument values, they can be set inside the function; in this case the new value will be displayed. The value why do traders invest in options and futures the rest argument variable is displayed as the spread-out arguments to the call, so: In this case, the keyword argument variables are not displayed at all; the rest arg is displayed instead.

So for these functions, only the keywords actually supplied will be shown, and the values displayed will be the argument values, not values of the possibly modified variables. If the variable for an argument is never referenced by the function, it will be deleted. Note that inline expansion and open-coding affect what frames are present in the debugger, see Debugger Policy Control. Debug Tail RecursionPrevious: Functions standard bank historical foreign exchange rates by labels and flet will appear as FLET name and LABELS name respectively.

Anonymous lambdas will appear as LAMDBA lambda-list. Entry Point Details Up: This is mostly done for argument type and count checking. With recursive functions, an additional external frame may appear before the frame representing the first call to the recursive function.

This is a consequence of the way the compiler works: You may also see cleanup frames during the execution of unwind-protect cleanup code, and optional for variable argument entry points. Unknown Locations and InterruptsPrevious: Function NamesUp: Because of tail recursion, it is not necessarily the case that FOO directly called BAR. It may be that FOO called some other function FOO2 which then called BAR tail-recursively, as in this example: Usually the elimination of tail-recursive frames makes debugging more pleasant, since these frames are mostly how to make quick gold in lotro. If there is any doubt about how one function called another, it can usually how much does the masters winner make eliminated by finding the source location in the calling frame.

See Source Location Printing. The elimination of tail-recursive frames can be prevented by disabling tail-recursion optimization, which happens when the debug optimization quality is greater than 2. See Debugger Policy Control. Debug Tail RecursionUp: This debug information tells the debugger what it needs to know about the locations in the code where the debugger can be invoked. If the debugger somehow encounters a location not described in the debug information, then it is said to be unknown.

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If the code location for a frame is unknown, then some variables may be inaccessible, and the source location cannot be precisely displayed. There are three reasons why a code location could be unknown: There is inadequate debug information due to the value of the debug optimization quality. In the last two cases, the values of argument variables are accessible, but may be incorrect. For more details on when variable values are accessible, Variable Value Availability. It is possible for an interrupt to happen when a function call or return is in progress.

The debugger may then flame out with some obscure error or insist that the bottom of the stack has been reached, when the real problem is that the current stack frame can't be located. If this happens, return from the interrupt and try again. Source Location PrintingPrevious: Stack FramesUp: The debugger doesn't really understand lexical scoping; it has just one namespace for all the variables in the current stack frame.

If a symbol is the name shake it money maker lyrics multiple variables in the same function, then the reference appears ambiguous, even though lexical scoping specifies which value is visible at any given source location. If the scopes of the two variables are not nested, then the debugger can resolve the ambiguity by observing that only one variable is accessible.

When there are ambiguous variables, the evaluator assigns each one a small integer identifier. The list-locals command prints the identifier. In the following example, there are two variables named X. The first one has identifier 0 which is not printedthe second one has identifier 1. If no prefix is given, then all available variables are printed.

This function returns the value of the variable in the current frame with the specified name. If supplied, identifier determines which value to return when there are ambiguous variables.

When name is a symbol, it is interpreted as the symbol name of the variable, i. If name is an uninterned symbol gensymthen return the value of the uninterned variable with the same name. If name is a string, sb-debug: Note On Lexical Variable AccessUp: If a variable value is not available, the debugger will not let you read or write that variable. With one exception, the debugger will never display an how much did canelo make on fight value for a variable.

Rather than displaying incorrect values, the debugger tells you the value is unavailable. The one exception is this: The value of a variable may be unavailable for these reasons: The value of the debug optimization quality may have omitted debug information needed to determine whether the variable is available. Unless a variable is an argument, its value will only be available when debug is at least 2. The compiler did lifetime analysis and determined that the value was no longer needed, even though its scope had not been exited.

Lifetime analysis is inhibited when the debug optimization quality is 3. The variable's name is an uninterned symbol gensym. To save space, the compiler only dumps debug information about uninterned variables when the debug optimization quality is 3. The frame's location is unknown see Unknown Locations and Interrupts because the debugger was entered due to an interrupt or unexpected hardware error.

Under these conditions the values of arguments will be available, but might be incorrect. This is the exception mentioned above. The variable or the code referencing it was optimized out of existence. Variables with no reads are always optimized forex rates at sbi. The degree to which the compiler deletes variables will depend on the value of the compilation-speed optimization quality, but most source-level optimizations are done under all compilation policies.

The variable is never set and its definition looks like LET var1 var In this case, var1 is substituted with var2. The variable is never set and is referenced exactly once. In this case, the reference is substituted with the variable initial value. Since it is especially useful to be able to get the arguments to a function, argument variables are treated specially when the speed optimization quality is less than 3 and the debug quality is at least 1. With this compilation policy, the values of argument variables are almost always available everywhere in the function, even at unknown locations.

For non-argument variables, debug must be at least 2 for values to be available, and even then, values are only available at known locations. Variable Value Availability timeshares by owner deltona, Up: You can also set local variables using setqbut if the variable was closed over in the original source and never set, then setting the variable in the debugger may not change the value in all the functions the variable is defined in.

Another risk of setting variables is that you may assign a value of a type that the compiler proved the variable could never take on.

This may result in bad things happening. Debugger Policy ControlPrevious: Variable AccessUp: These commands display the source location for the current frame: If context is specified, then it is an integer specifying the number professional forex trend trading system enclosing levels of list structure to print. The source form for a location in the code is the innermost list present in the original source that encloses the form responsible for generating that code.

If the actual source form is not a list, then some enclosing list will be printed. Here are some possible enclosing forms: If the code at a location was generated from the expansion of a macro or a source-level compiler optimization, then the form in the original source that expanded into that code will be printed.

If foo has called myfunand is waiting for it to return, then the source command would print: Learn option trading in hindi the previous example, source 1 would print: How the Source is Found Source Location Availability Next: Source Location AvailabilityUp: Source Location Printing 5.

If the code was defined from a fasl file created by compile-filethen the debugger gets the source forms it prints by reading them from the original source file. This is a potential problem, since the source file might have moved tradeking forex ecn changed since the time it was compiled. The source file is opened using the truename of the source file $100 sign up bonus and earn money for read email originally given to the compiler.

This is an absolute pathname with all logical names and symbolic links expanded. If the file can't be located using this name, then the debugger gives up and signals an error. If the source file can be found, but has been modified since the time it was compiled, the debugger prints this warning: It then proceeds using a robust but not foolproof heuristic for locating the source.

This heuristic works if: No top-level forms before the top-level form containing the source have been added or deleted, and The top-level form containing the source has not been modified much. More precisely, none of the list forms beginning before the source form have been added or deleted. If the heuristic doesn't work, the displayed source will be wrong, but will probably be near the actual source.

When the heuristic is used, the source location commands are noticeably slowed. Source location printing can also be confused if after the source was compiled a read-macro you used in the code was redefined to expand into something different, or if a read-macro ever returns the same eq list twice. If you don't define read macros and don't use in perverted ways, you don't need to worry andreas gursky stock market this.

How the Source is FoundUp: If source location information is unavailable, the source stock market bse in will give an error message.

If source location information is available, but the source location is unknown because of an interrupt or unexpected hardware error see Unknown Locations and Interruptsthen the command will print: It's a bit complicated to explain exactly what a basic block is, but here are some properties of the block start location: The block start location may be the same as the true location. The block start location will never be later in the program's flow of control than the true location.

No conditional control structures such as ifcondor will intervene between the block start and the true location but note that some conditionals present in the original source could be optimized away. Function calls do not end basic blocks. The head of a loop will be the start of a block. In other words, the true location lies between the printed location and the next conditional but watch out because the compiler may have changed the program on you.

Exiting CommandsPrevious: Source Location PrintingUp: The debug quality directly affects the debugger by controlling the amount of debugger information dumped. Other optimization qualities have indirect but observable effects due to changes in the way compilation is done. Unlike the other optimization qualities which are compared in relative value to savage model 110 tactical stocks tradeoffsthe debug optimization quality is directly translated to a level of debug information.

This absolute interpretation allows the user to count on a particular amount of debug information being available even when the values of the other qualities are changed during compilation. These are the levels of debug information that correspond to the values of the debug quality: Values will only be accessible if the argument variable is never set and speed is not 3.

SBCL allows any real value for optimization qualities. It may be useful to specify 0. This makes describe more informative, and allows the compiler to do compile-time argument count and type checking for any calls compiled at run-time. This is the default. In addition, lifetime analysis is disabled even when speed is 3ensuring that all variable values are available at shooting star in the binary options known location within the scope of the binding.

This has forexmentor fx scalping speed penalty in addition to the obvious space penalty. As you can see, if the speed quality is 3debugger performance is degraded. This effect comes from the elimination of argument variable special-casing see Variable Value Availability. In addition to inline and notinline declarations, the relative values of the speed and space qualities also change whether functions are inline expanded.

If a function is inline expanded, then there will be no frame to represent the call, and the arguments will be treated like any other local variable. Information CommandsPrevious: Debugger Training day film trailer italiano ControlUp: Invokes the n th restart case as displayed by the error command.

If n is not specified, the available restart cases are reported. Calls continue on the condition given to debug. If there is no restart case named continuethen an error is signaled. Calls abort on the condition given to debug. This is useful for popping debug command loop levels or aborting to top level, as the case may be.

Returns value from the current stack frame. This command is available when the debug optimization quality is greater than both speed and space.

Care must be taken that the value is of the same type as SBCL expects the stack frame to return. Restarts execution of the current stack frame. This command is available when the debug optimization quality is greater than both speed and space and when the frame is for is a global function.

If the function is redefined in the debugger before the frame is restarted, the new function will be used. Function TracingPrevious: Exiting CommandsUp: Displays a synopsis of debugger commands. Displays all the frames from the current to the bottom. Only shows n frames if specified. Single SteppingPrevious: Information CommandsUp: Options allow conditional printing of the trace information and conditional breakpoints on function entry or exit.

In its simplest form: The NAMEs are not evaluated. Each may be a symbol, denoting an individual function, or a string, denoting all functions fbound to symbols whose home package is the package with the given name. Options allow modification of the default behavior. Each option is a pair of an option keyword and a value form.

Global options are specified before the first name, and affect all functions traced by a given use of trace. Options may also be interspersed with function names, in which case they act as local options, only affecting tracing of the immediately preceding function name.

Local options override global options. This is the basic, ansi Common Lisp behavior of trace. The following options are defined: If Report-Type is nilthen the only effect of the trace is to execute other options e. Multiple print options cause multiple values to be printed. Anonymous functions have string names like "DEFUN FOO". The Function-Form is evaluated immediately, and the resulting function is traced.

The -after and -all forms can use sb-debug: Untraces all functions when called with no arguments. Enabling and Disabling the DebuggerPrevious: Function TracingUp: See Debugger Policy Controlfor details on enabling stepping for compiled code. The following debugger commands are used for controlling single stepping. None of the other single stepping commands can be used before stepping has been started either by using start or by using the standard step macro.

Steps into the current form. Stepping will be resumed when the next form that has been compiled with stepper instrumentation is evaluated.

Steps out of the current frame. Stepping will be disabled until the topmost stack frame that had been stepped into returns. Function calls outside the lexical scope of the form can be stepped into only if the functions in question have been compiled with sufficient debug policy to be at least partially steppable.

Single SteppingUp: The functions here control the debugger. Beyond the ANSI StandardPrevious: Top 6 Efficiency Slot access Dynamic-extent allocation Modular arithmetic Global and Always-Bound variables Miscellaneous Efficiency Issues Next: Dynamic-extent allocationUp: The cost is roughly 1.

Second most efficient way is to use a CLOS slot accessor, or slot-value with a constant slot name argument, but in circumstances other than specified above. This may be up to 3 times as slow as the method described above. Modular arithmeticPrevious: Slot accessUp: The dynamic-extent declarations are not verified, but are simply trusted as long as sb-ext: Potentially long over one page in size vectors are, however, not stack allocated except in zero safety code, as such a vector could overflow the stack without triggering overflow protection.

If dynamic extent constraints specified in the Common Lisp standard are violated, the best that can happen is for the program to have garbage in variables and return values; more commonly, the system will crash. In particular, it is important to realize that dynamic extend is contagious: This allows stack allocation of complex structures.

As a notable exception to this, SBCL does not as of 1. For this reason potentially large vectors, which might circumvent stack overflow detection, are stack allocated only in zero safety policies.

Blocks and tags are also allocated on the heap, unless all non-local control transfers to them are compiled with zero safety. Future plans include Automatic detection of the common idiom of calling quantifiers with a closure, even when the closure is not declared dynamic-extent. Global and Always-Bound variablesPrevious: N lower bits of the result depend only on N lower bits of all or some arguments.

This often results in an ability to use simple machine instructions for the functions. But modular arithmetic optimizer is able to do it: As of SBCL 0. While it is possible to support smaller widths as well, currently this is not implemented. Miscellaneous Efficiency IssuesPrevious: Modular arithmeticUp: Global variables share their values between all threads, and cannot be locally bound, declared special, defined as constants, and neither bound nor defined as symbol macros.

See also the declarations sb-ext: Specifies that the named symbols cannot be proclaimed or locally declared special. Proclaiming an already special or constant variable name as global signal an error.

Allows more efficient value lookup in threaded environments in addition to expressing programmer intention. Specifies that the named symbols are always bound. Inhibits makunbound of the named symbols.

Proclaiming an unbound symbol as always-bound signals an error. Allows the compiler to elide boundness checks from value lookups. Global and Always-Bound variablesUp: The material in the CMUCL manual about getting good performance from the compiler should be reviewed, reformatted in Texinfo, lightly edited for SBCL, and substituted into this manual.

See the sections Advanced Compiler Use and Efficiency Hints Advanced Compiler Introduction More About Types in Python Type Inference Source Optimization Tail Recursion Local Call Block Compilation Inline Expansion Object Representation Numbers General Efficiency Hints Efficiency Notes Besides this information from the CMUCL manual, there are a few other points to keep in mind.

The CMUCL manual doesn't seem to state it explicitly, but Python has a mental block about type inference when assignment is involved. However, it's much more passive and dumb about inferring the types of values assigned with setqsetfand friends. It would be nice to fix this, but in the meantime don't expect that just because it's very smart about types in most respects it will be smart about types involved in assignments.

This doesn't affect its ability to benefit from explicit type declarations involving the assigned variables, only its ability to get by without explicit type declarations.

This means that there are some efficiency implications of various patterns of memory usage which aren't discussed in the CMUCL manual. Some new material should be written about this.

SBCL has some important known efficiency problems. Perhaps the most important are The garbage collector is not particularly efficient, at least on platforms without the generational collector as of SBCL 0.

Various aspects of the PCL implementation of CLOS are more inefficient than necessary. The phrase is infamous because making a compiler which actually is sufficiently smart to find all these optimizations systematically is well beyond the state of the art of current compiler technology.

Instead, they're optimized on a case-by-case basis by hand-written code, or not optimized at all if the appropriate case hasn't been hand-coded. Some cases where no such hand-coding has been done as of SBCL version 0.

If your system's performance is suffering because of some construct which could in principle be compiled efficiently, but which the SBCL compiler can't in practice compile efficiently, consider writing a patch to the compiler and submitting it for inclusion in the main sources. Foreign Function InterfacePrevious: Top 7 Beyond the ANSI Standard SBCL is derived from CMUCL, which implements many extensions to the ANSI standard.

SBCL doesn't support as many extensions as CMUCL, but it still has quite a few. Reader Extensions Package-Local Nicknames Package Variance Garbage Collection Metaobject Protocol Extensible Sequences Support For Unix Unicode Support Customization Hooks for Users Tools To Help Developers Resolution of Name Conflicts Hash Table Extensions Random Number Generation Miscellaneous Extensions Stale Extensions Efficiency Hacks Next: Package-Local NicknamesUp: Beyond the ANSI Standard 7.

SBCL also extends the reader to normalize all symbols to Normalization Form KC in builds with Unicode enabled. Whether symbols are normalized is controlled by — Function: The readtable-normalization of the standard readtable is t. Symbols created by intern and similar functions are not affected by this setting.

Package VariancePrevious: Reader ExtensionsUp: A local nickname is valid only when inside the package for which it has been specified. Different packages can use same local nickname for different global names, or different local nickname for same global name. When in the designated package, calls to find-package with the any of the local-nicknames will return the corresponding actual-package instead. This also affects all implied calls to find-packageincluding those performed by the reader.

When printing a package prefix for a symbol with a package local nickname, the local nickname is used instead of the real name in order to preserve print-read consistency. Returns the designated package. Signals a continuable error if local-nickname is already a package local nickname for a different package, or if local-nickname is one of "CL", "COMMON-LISP", or, "KEYWORD", or if local-nickname is a global name or nickname for the package to which the nickname would be added.

When in the designated package, calls to find-package with the local-nickname will return the package the designated actual-package instead. When printing a package prefix for a symbol with a package local nickname, local nickname is used instead of the real name in order to preserve print-read consistency. Returns true if the nickname existed and was removed, and nil otherwise. Garbage CollectionPrevious: This can be adjusted using sb-ext: The value should be of the form: ERROR [T package-names] specifying which packages get which behaviour -- with t signifying the default unless otherwise specified.

If default is not specified,: Metaobject ProtocolPrevious: Package VarianceUp: In a multithreaded environment these hooks may run in any thread. The default is to initiate a nursery collection, which may in turn trigger a collection of one or more older generations as well.

If full is true, all generations are collected. If gen is provided, it can be used to specify the oldest generation guaranteed to be collected. On CheneyGC platforms arguments full and gen take no effect: Finalization allows code to be executed after an object has been garbage collected.

This is useful for example for releasing foreign memory associated with a Lisp object. If dont-save is true, the finalizer will be cancelled when save-lisp-and-die is called: In a multithreaded environment function may be called in any thread.

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In both single and multithreaded environments function may be called in any dynamic scope: Errors from function are handled and cause a warning to be signalled in whichever thread the function was called in. Weak pointers allow references to objects to be maintained without keeping them from being garbage collected: Hash tables can also have weak keys and values: If the referent of weak-pointer has been garbage collected, returns the values nil and nil.

Initialized to zero on startup. It is safe to bind this to zero in order to measure gc time inside a certain section of code, but doing so may interfere with results reported by eg. This can be set with setf. Typically this result will be a consed bignum, so if you have an application e.

Default is nilmeaning collections are not logged. If non-null, the designated file is opened before and after each collection, and generation statistics are appended to it. Available on gencgc platforms only.

This value is meaningless for generation 0 the nursery: Can be assigned to using setf. Extensible SequencesPrevious: Garbage CollectionUp: There is no record of what the second return value was meant to indicate, and apparently no clients for it. The direct superclasses of funcallable-standard-object are function standard-objectnot standard-object function. This is to ensure that the standard-object class is the last of the standardized classes before t appearing in the class precedence list of generic-function and standard-generic-functionas required by section 1.

Portable code should use: After a class has been finalized, it is associated with a class prototype which is accessible by a standard mop function class-prototype. The user can then ask whether this object is a function or not in several different ways: The additional consistency requirement comes from the desire to make all of these answers the same. The following class definitions are bad, and will lead to errors either immediately or if an instance is created: Note that this requirement also applies to the class funcallable-standard-objectwhich has metaclass funcallable-standard-class rather than standard-class as AMOP specifies.

The rationale behind the restriction is likely to be similar to the ANSI Common Lisp restriction on defining functions, variables and types named by symbols in the Common Lisp package: This prohibition is motivated by a separation of layers: Additionally, with this requirement, there is a one-to-one mapping between metaclass, class and slot-definition-class tuples and effective methods of setf slot-value-using-classwhich permits optimization of setf slot-value-using-class 's discriminating function in the same manner as for slot-value-using-class and slot-boundp-using-class.

Note that application code may specialize on the new-value argument of slot accessors. This is consistent with the description of ensure-class in AMOP as the functional version of defclasswhich has this behaviour; however, it is not consistent with the weaker requirement in AMOP, which states that any class found by find-classno matter what its class-nameis redefined. This allows code which uses constant names for structure slots to continue working as specified in ANSI, while enforcing the constraint for all other types of slot.

However, it also specifies that validate-superclass should return true indicating that a direct superclass relationship is permissible if the second argument is the class named t.

Also, ANSI specifies that classes with metaclass built-in-class may not be subclassed using defclassand also that the class named t is the universal superclass, inconsistent with it being a built-in-class. This operator suffers from similar restrictions to those affecting make-method-lambdanamely that the generic function must be defined when the defmethod form is expanded, so that the correct method of make-method-specializers-form is invoked.

The system-provided method on make-method-specializers-form generates a call to find-class for each symbol specializer name, and a call to intern-eql-specializer for each eql x specializer name. The system-provided methods on those methods convert between classes and proper names and between lists of the form eql x and interned eql specializer objects.

Support For UnixPrevious: Metaobject ProtocolUp: As an extension to the ANSI specification, SBCL allows additional subclasses of sequence to be defined 6. Users of this extension just make instances of sequence subclasses and transparently operate on them using sequence functions: A minimal sequence subclass has to specify standard-object and sequence as its superclasses and has to be the specializer of the sequence parameter of methods on at least the following generic functions: Elements of the returned sequence are initialized to initial-elementif supplied, initialized to initial-contents if supplied, or identical to the elements of sequence if neither is supplied.

Signals a protocol-unimplemented error if the sequence protocol is not implemented for the class of sequence. Elements of the new sequence are initialized to initial-elementif supplied, initialized to initial-contents if supplied, or identical to the elements of sequence if neither is supplied. In fact, all other sequence functions can be implemented in terms of the above functions and actually are, if no additional methods are defined.

However, relying on these generic implementations, in particular not implementing the iterator protocol can incur a high performance penalty See Iterator Protocol. When the sequence protocol is only partially implemented for a given sequence subclass, an attempt to apply one of the missing operations to instances of that class signals the following condition: In addition to the mandatory functions above, methods on the sequence functions listed below can be defined.

There are two noteworthy irregularities: It is intended to be used instead of length when working with lazy or infinite sequences. The functions mapconcatenate and merge receive a type designator specifying the type of the constructed sequence as their first argument.

However, the corresponding generic functions sb-sequence: Signals an error if sequence is not a sequence. By dispatching on result-prototypemethods on this generic function specify how extended sequence classes act when they are specified as the result type in a cl: Another difference to cl: In the spirit of dolistgeneric sequences can be traversed using the macro — Macro: Simple Iterator ProtocolUp: Users first call make-sequence-iterator to create an iteration state and receive functions to query and mutate it.

These functions allow, among other things, moving to, retrieving or modifying elements of the sequence. An iteration state consists of a state object, a limit object, a from-end indicator and the following six functions to query or mutate this state: Returns non- nil when the iterator has reached the end of the associated sequence with respect to the iteration direction.

Destructively modifies the associates sequence by replacing the sequence element associated to the current iteration position with a new value.

Returns a copy of the iteration state which can be mutated independently of the copied iteration state. An iterator is created by calling: Otherwise, the elements are visited in the opposite order. Note that make-sequence-iterator calls make-simple-sequence-iterator when there is no specialized method for a particular sequence subclass.

See Simple Iterator Protocol. The following convenience macros simplify traversing sequences using iterators: Elements of vars may be nil in which case the corresponding value returned by make-sequence-iterator is ignored. Iterator ProtocolUp: Iterator objects implementing the above simple iteration protocol are created by calling the following generic function: Unicode SupportPrevious: Extensible SequencesUp: Querying the process environmentUp: Support For Unix 7.

Running external programsPrevious: Command-line argumentsUp: For no arguments, use nil which means that just the name of the program is passed as arg 0.

The program arguments and the environment are encoded using the default external format for streams. See the cmu Common Lisp Users Manual for details about the process structure. Notes about Unix environments as in the: The sbcl implementation of run-programlike Perl and many other programs, but unlike the original cmu cl implementation, copies the Unix environment by default.

Running Unix programs from a setuid process, or in any other situation where the Unix environment is under the control of someone else, is a mother lode of security problems. If you are contemplating doing this, read about it first. The Perl community has a lot of good documentation about this and other security issues in script-like programs. The default is to copy the environment of the current process. Otherwise an absolute pathname is required.

If nilcontinue running Lisp until the program finishes. Unless nilthe subprocess is established under a pty. If tthe standard input for the current process is inherited. If a pathname, the file so specified is used. If a stream, all the input is read from that stream and sent to the subprocess.

If tthe standard output for the current process is inherited. If a stream, all the output from the process is written to this stream. The function takes the process as an argument. The following functions are available for use with processes: The result is one of: When check-for-stopped is talso returns when process is stopped.

Customization Hooks for UsersPrevious: Support For UnixUp: Unicode-related functions are located in the sb-unicode package. SBCL also extends ANSI character literal syntax to support Unicode codepoints. You may also input the character directly into your source code if it can be encoded in your file.

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If a character had an assigned name in Unicode 1. The only characters in Unicode with a decimal digit value are those that are part of a range of characters that encode the digits Digit values are guaranteed to be integers between 0 and 9 inclusive. All characters with decimal digit values have the same digit value, but there are characters such as digits of number systems without a 0 value that have a digit value but no decimal digit value.

Numeric value is the most general of the Unicode numeric properties. The only constraint on the numeric value is that it be a rational number. If character is not assigned in Unicode, returns nil for both values. The syllable type can be one of: If the character is not a Hangul syllable or Jamo, returns nil. If character does not have a known script, returns: If character does not have a known block, returns: This property has been officially obsoleted by the Unicode standard, and is only included for backwards compatibility.

AI characters will be mapped to the Ideographic: ID class instead of Alphabetic: SBCL can normalize strings using: Acceptable values for form are: If filter is a function it is called on each decomposed character and only characters for which it returns t are collected.

SBCL implements the full range of Unicode case operations with the functions — Function: The result is not guaranteed to have the same length as the input. The resulting string can be longer than the input.

Casefolding removes case information in a way that allows the results to be used for case-insensitive comparisons. It also extends standard Common Lisp case functions such as string-upcase and string-downcase to support a subset of Unicode's casing behavior. Specifically, a character is both-case-p if its case mapping in Unicode is one-to-one and invertable.

The function uses the Shifted method for dealing with variable-weight characters, as described in uts The following functions are provided for detecting visually confusable strings: The sb-unicode package includes several functions for breaking a Unicode string into useful parts.

Returns a list of strings. Combining marks will always be kept together with their base characters, and spaces but not other types of whitespace will be removed from the end of lines.

Tools To Help DevelopersPrevious: Unicode SupportUp: In SBCL, require behaves in the following way: User code is responsible for calling provide to indicate a successful load of the module.

Although SBCL does not provide a resident editor, the ed function can be customized to hook into user-provided editing mechanisms as follows: Conditions of type warning and style-warning are sometimes signaled at runtime, especially during execution of Common Lisp defining forms such as defundefmethodetc. To muffle these warnings at runtime, SBCL provides a variable sb-ext: Whenever a warning is signaled, if the warning is of this type and is not handled by any other handler, it will be muffled.

Resolution of Name ConflictsPrevious: Customization Hooks for UsersUp: For more information, see Macro common-lisp: The debugger supports a number of options. Its documentation is accessed by typing help at the debugger prompt. Documentation for inspect is accessed by typing help at the inspect prompt. Hash Table ExtensionsPrevious: Tools To Help DevelopersUp: In the interactive debugger, this is achieved by prompting for the symbol in whose favour the conflict should be resolved; for programmatic use, the sb-ext: Random Number GenerationPrevious: Resolution of Name ConflictsUp: The keywords are as follows: Must a designator for one of the standard hash table tests, or a hash table test defined using sb-ext: Additionally, when an explicit hash-function is provided see belowany two argument equivalence predicate can be used as the test.

If an integer, add space for that many elements. If a floating point number which must be greater than 1. Density 1 means an average of one entry per bucket. If hash-function is specified, the test argument can be any two argument predicate consistent with it.

The hash-function is expected to return a non-negative fixnum hash code. If tall concurrent accesses are safe, but note that clhs 3.

This keyword argument is experimental, and may change incompatibly or be removed in the future. Afterwards both 'name and 'name can be used with: In both cases hash-table-test will return the symbol name. The hash function must compute the same hash code for any two objects for which name returns true, and subsequent calls with already hashed objects must always return the same hash code.

Attempting to define name in a locked package as hash-table test causes a package lock violation. EQUALP would work, but would make the names ;; case-insensitive -- which we don't want. If hash-table is synchronized, body will execute with exclusive ownership of the table. If hash-table is not synchronized, body will execute with other with-locked-hash-table bodies excluded -- exclusion of hash-table accesses not surrounded by with-locked-hash-table is unspecified.

Miscellaneous ExtensionsPrevious: Hash Table ExtensionsUp: This makes it possible for user code to obtain repeatable pseudo random numbers using only standard-provided functionality. See seed-random-state below for an SBCL extension that allows to seed the random number generator from given data for an additional possibility to achieve this. Non-repeatable random numbers can always be obtained using make-random-state t. The sequence of numbers produced by repeated calls to random starting with the same random state and using the same sequence of limit arguments is guaranteed to be reproducible only in the same version of SBCL on the same platform, using the same code under the same evaluator mode and compiler optimization qualities.

Just two examples of differences that may occur otherwise: The optional state argument specifies a seed for deterministic pseudo-random number generation. If state is a random state, return a copy of it. If state is treturn a randomly initialized state using operating-system provided randomness where available, otherwise a poor substitute based on internal time and pid.

As a supported sbcl extension, we also support receiving as a seed an object of the following types: This particular sbcl version also accepts an argument of the following type: Some notes on random floats: The standard doesn't prescribe a specific method of generating random floats. The following paragraph describes SBCL's current implementation and should be taken purely informational, that is, user code should not depend on any of its specific properties.

The method used has been chosen because it is common, conceptually simple and fast. Note especially that this means that zero is a possible return value occurring with probability expt 2 respectively expt 2 Also note that there exist twice as many equidistant floats between 0 and 1 as are generated.

For example, the largest number that random 1. This is a side effect of the fact that the implementation uses the fastest possible conversion from bits to floats. SBCL currently uses the Mersenne Twister as its random number generator, specifically the bit version under both and bit word size.

The seeding algorithm has been improved several times by the authors of the Mersenne Twister; SBCL uses the third version from which is still the most recent as of June The implementation has been tested to provide output identical to the recommended C implementation.

While the Mersenne Twister generates random numbers of much better statistical quality than other widely used generators, it uses only linear operations modulo 2 and thus fails some statistical tests 9. For example, the distribution of ranks of sufficiently large random binary matrices is much distorted compared to the theoretically expected one when the matrices are generated by the Mersenne Twister.

Thus, applications that are sensitive to this aspect should use a different type of generator. Stale ExtensionsPrevious: Random Number GenerationUp: Multidimensional arrays, arrays with fill pointers, and adjustable arrays have an underlying storage vector with the same array-element-type as arraywhich this function returns. Even though this function exposes it, changes in the implementation may cause this function to be removed without further warning. Returns the truename of the directory deleted.

If recursive is false the defaultsignals an error unless the directory is empty. If recursive is true, first deletes all files and subdirectories. If recursive is true and the directory contains symbolic links, the links are deleted, not the files and directories they point to. Signals an error if pathspec designates a file or a symbolic link instead of a directory, or if the directory could not be deleted for any reason. If timeout is provided, waits at most approximately timeout seconds before returning nil.

If with-deadline has been used to provide a global deadline, signals a deadline-timeout if test-form doesn't evaluate to true before the deadline. A continuable error is signaled otherwise. The arguments specify a sequence of subversion numbers in big endian order.